Application of gas chromatography for determination of 2-amino-4,6-dinitrophenol and evaluation of its stability in biological material
https://doi.org/10.26907/2542-064X.2025.1.53-65
Abstract
2-Amino-4,6-dinitrophenol (2-A-4,6-DNP), or picramic acid, is widely used as an intermediate in organic synthesis, a dye in hair coloring products, an agricultural fungicide, and an explosive. Similar to other related compounds (2,4,6-trinitrophenol (2,4,6-TNF) and N-methyl-N,2,4,6-tetranitroaniline), of which it is a metabolite, 2-A-4,6-DNP is toxic to humans and animals. However, certain aspects of its detection in toxicological screening remain poorly understood. In this study, a mixture of acetone and acetonitrile in equal amounts was identified as the most effective extractant for 2-A-4,6-DNP. The application of gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) for detecting 2-A-4,6-DNP in the biological material extracts was analyzed and justified. The proposed method, based on the indirect determination of 2-A-4,6-DNP through O-acetyl derivative quantification, was employed to assess its stability in the biolo- gical material. 2-A-4,6-DNP was found to be detectable in the biological medium within 25 (storage temperature 18–22 °C) to 45 (storage temperature 1–3 °C) days after the contamination.
Keywords
2-amino-4,
6-dinitrophenol,
isolation,
derivatization,
2-amino-4,
6-dinitrophenyl acetate,
identification,
determination,
gas chromatography–mass spectrometry
Supporting agencies: This study was performed under Article 68 of Federal Law No. 323-FZ “On fundamental healthcare principles in the Russian Federation” dated November 21, 2011 (rev. on December 28, 2024) and the standards for forensic investigations established in Order No. 491n issued by the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation on September 25, 2023.
About the Authors
V. K. Shormanov
Kursk State Medical University
Russian Federation
Competing Interests:
Russian Federation
Vladimir K. Shormanov, Dr. Sci. (Pharmaceutics), Full Professor, Department of Pharmaceutical, Toxicological, and Analytical Chemistry
Kursk
Competing Interests:
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
N. G. Pogosyan
Kursk State Medical University
Russian Federation
Competing Interests:
Russian Federation
Norayr G. Pogosyan, Postgraduate Student, Department of Pharmaceutical, Toxicological and Analytical Chemistry
Kursk
Competing Interests:
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
S. Yu. Garmonov
Kazan National Research Technological University
Russian Federation
Competing Interests:
Russian Federation
Sergey Yu. Garmonov, Dr. Sci. (Chemistry), Full Professor, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Certification, and Quality Management
Kazan
Competing Interests:
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
V. A. Omelchenko
Forensic Investigation Center, Main Directorate of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia for the Krasnodar Region
Russian Federation
Competing Interests:
Russian Federation
Vladimir A. Omelchenko, Cand. Sci. (Pharmaceutics), Head
Krasnodar
Competing Interests:
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
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For citations:
Shormanov V.K., Pogosyan N.G., Garmonov S.Yu., Omelchenko V.A. Application of gas chromatography for determination of 2-amino-4,6-dinitrophenol and evaluation of its stability in biological material. Uchenye Zapiski Kazanskogo Universiteta Seriya Estestvennye Nauki. 2025;167(1):53-65. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.26907/2542-064X.2025.1.53-65
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